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by Thomas Murray (artist) (Royal Society, London)
Edmond Halley Royal Society (sometimes "Edmund"; ) (
November 8, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an England
astronomer,
geophysicist,
mathematician,
meteorologist, and physicist.
Biography and career
Halley was born at
Haggerston, London, the son of a wealthy soapboiler. As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at St Paul's School (London), and then, from 1673, at The Queen's College, Oxford. While an undergraduate, Halley published papers on the
solar system and sunspots.
On leaving University of Oxford, in 1676, Halley visited the south Atlantic island of St. Helena with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. He returned to England in November 1678. In the following year he went to Danzig (Gdańsk) and stayed with the astronomer
Johannes Hevelius, where he observed and verified Hevelius' results. Because Hevelius did not use a telescope, his observations had been questioned by Hooke. The same year, Halley published
Catalogus Stellarum Australium which included details of 341 southern stars. These additions to present-day
star maps earned him comparison with
Tycho Brahe. Halley was awarded his M.A. degree at Oxford and elected as a Fellow of the
Royal Society.
In 1686 Halley published the second part of the results from his expedition, being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons. In this he identified solar heating as the cause of
Earth's atmosphere motions. He also established the relationship between barometer and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of information visualization.
Halley married in 1682 and settled in Islington. He spent most of his time on lunar observations, but was also interested in the problems of gravity. One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of
Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In August 1684 he went to
University of Cambridge to discuss this with
Isaac Newton, only to find that Newton had solved the problem, but published nothing. Halley convinced him to write the
Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687), which was published at Halley's expense.
In 1690, Halley built a
diving bell, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface. In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet in the River Thames, and remained there for over an hour and a half. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he did make improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours. London Diving Chamber (history) accessed on 6th Dec 2006
In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities, which featured an analysis of age-at-death taken from archives in Wrocław, a Polish-German town known for keeping meticulous records. This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science. The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of demography.
In 1698, Halley received a commission as captain of HMS
Paramore to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial
magnetism. This task he accomplished in an Atlantic voyage which lasted two years, and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south. The results were published in a
General Chart of the Variation of the Compass (1701). This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which
Isogon (geomagnetism), or Halleyan, lines appeared.
In November 1703 Halley was appointed
Savilian Professor of Geometry at University of Oxford, and received an honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1710. In 1705, applying historical astronomy methods, he published
Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae, which stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 related to the same comet, which he predicted would return in 1758. When it did it became generally known as Halley's Comet.
In 1716 Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the transit of Venus. In doing so he was following the method described by James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) in
Optica Promota (in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described). It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day. It is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1718 he discovered the proper motion of the "fixed" stars by comparing his astrometry measurements with those of the Greeks.
In 1720, Halley succeeded John Flamsteed as Astronomer Royal, a position which he held until his death. He was buried at St. Margaret's Church, Greenwich, in the same tomb as Astronomer Royal John Pond, located in the old part of the churchyard.
Hollow Earth
In 1692 (
Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London), Halley put forth the idea of a
hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets
Venus,
Mars, and Mercury (planet). Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the Celestial body atmosphere inside as luminosity (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the
Aurora Borealis.
Named after Halley
An alternative (and incorrect) pronunciation of Halley's surname, to rhyme with "Bailey", has led to rock and roll singer
Bill Haley punningly calling his backing band "His Comets" after Halley's Comet.
Notes and References
Bibliography
- Armitage, Angus, Edmond Halley (Nelson, 1966)
- Cook, Alan H., Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)
- Ronan, Colin A., Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1969)
External links
- Halley, Edmund, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693).
- Halley, Edmund, Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718) - Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions (1942)
-
- There is material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life and Work of Statisticians website: Halley, Edmond
- The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Edmond Halley: Search the collection
- Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)
{{succession box | before= [John Flamsteed|
title=[Astronomer Royal |
years=1720–1742 |
after=[James Bradley
-->
by Thomas Murray (artist) (Royal Society, London)
Edmond Halley Royal Society (sometimes "Edmund"; ) (
November 8, 1656 –
January 14, 1742) was an
England astronomer,
geophysicist,
mathematician,
meteorologist, and
physicist.
Biography and career
Halley was born at
Haggerston,
London, the son of a wealthy soapboiler. As a child, Halley was very interested in mathematics. He studied at St Paul's School (London), and then, from 1673, at The Queen's College, Oxford. While an
undergraduate, Halley published papers on the
solar system and sunspots.
On leaving University of Oxford, in 1676, Halley visited the south Atlantic island of
St. Helena with the intention of studying stars from the Southern Hemisphere. He returned to England in November 1678. In the following year he went to Danzig (
Gdańsk) and stayed with the astronomer Johannes Hevelius, where he observed and verified Hevelius' results. Because Hevelius did not use a telescope, his observations had been questioned by Hooke. The same year, Halley published
Catalogus Stellarum Australium which included details of 341 southern stars. These additions to present-day star maps earned him comparison with Tycho Brahe. Halley was awarded his M.A. degree at Oxford and elected as a Fellow of the
Royal Society.
In 1686 Halley published the second part of the results from his expedition, being a paper and chart on trade winds and
monsoons. In this he identified solar heating as the cause of Earth's atmosphere motions. He also established the relationship between barometer and height above sea level. His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of
information visualization.
Halley married in 1682 and settled in Islington. He spent most of his time on lunar observations, but was also interested in the problems of
gravity. One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of
Kepler's laws of planetary motion. In August 1684 he went to
University of Cambridge to discuss this with Isaac Newton, only to find that Newton had solved the problem, but published nothing. Halley convinced him to write the
Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (1687), which was published at Halley's expense.
In 1690, Halley built a
diving bell, a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface. In a demonstration, Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet in the
River Thames, and remained there for over an hour and a half. Halley's bell was of little use for practical salvage work, as it was very heavy, but he did make improvements to it over time, later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours. London Diving Chamber (history) accessed on 6th Dec 2006
In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities, which featured an analysis of age-at-death taken from archives in
Wrocław, a Polish-German town known for keeping meticulous records. This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser. Halley's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science. The construction of the life-table for Breslau, which followed more primitive work by
John Graunt, is now seen as a major event in the history of
demography.
In 1698, Halley received a commission as captain of HMS
Paramore to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial
magnetism. This task he accomplished in an Atlantic voyage which lasted two years, and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south. The results were published in a
General Chart of the Variation of the Compass (1701). This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which
Isogon (geomagnetism), or Halleyan, lines appeared.
In November 1703 Halley was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at
University of Oxford, and received an honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1710. In 1705, applying
historical astronomy methods, he published
Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae, which stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 related to the same comet, which he predicted would return in 1758. When it did it became generally known as Halley's Comet.
In 1716 Halley suggested a high-precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the
transit of Venus. In doing so he was following the method described by James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician) in
Optica Promota (in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described). It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley's day. It is not to Halley's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory's priority in this matter. In 1718 he discovered the
proper motion of the "fixed" stars by comparing his astrometry measurements with those of the Greeks.
In 1720, Halley succeeded John Flamsteed as
Astronomer Royal, a position which he held until his death. He was buried at St. Margaret's Church, Greenwich, in the same tomb as Astronomer Royal John Pond, located in the old part of the churchyard.
Hollow Earth
In 1692 (
Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London), Halley put forth the idea of a hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets
Venus, Mars, and
Mercury (planet). Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the
Celestial body atmosphere inside as luminosity (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the
Aurora Borealis.
Named after Halley
An alternative (and incorrect) pronunciation of Halley's surname, to rhyme with "Bailey", has led to
rock and roll singer Bill Haley punningly calling his
backing band "His Comets" after Halley's Comet.
Notes and References
Bibliography
- Armitage, Angus, Edmond Halley (Nelson, 1966)
- Cook, Alan H., Edmond Halley: Charting the Heavens and the Seas (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)
- Ronan, Colin A., Edmond Halley, Genius in Eclipse (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1969)
External links
- Halley, Edmund, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693).
- Halley, Edmund, Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718) - Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions (1942)
-
- There is material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life and Work of Statisticians website: Halley, Edmond
- The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Edmond Halley: Search the collection
- Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)
{{succession box | before= [John Flamsteed|
title=[Astronomer Royal |
years=1720–1742 |
after=[James Bradley
-->
BBC - History - Edmond Halley (1656 - 1742)
Halley was an English astronomer and mathematician who was the first to calculate the orbit of the comet later named after him.
Who was Edmond Halley
Who was Halley? "This sight... is by far the noblest astronomy affords" Sir Edmond Halley (1656-1742) was an English astronomer who is best known for his ...
Halley summary
Edmond Halley (1656-1742) ... Edmond Halley was an English astronomer who calculated the orbit of the comet now called Halley's comet.
Edmond Halley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Edmond Halley FRS (IPA: /ˈɛdmənd ˈhɔːlɪ/) (November 8, 1656 – January 14, 1742) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.
Edmond Halley, Hyperbaric Chambers - A history of hyperbaric chambers ...
Edmond Halley and the history of Hyperbaric Medicine ... Halley, born of a wealthy soapboiler in Haggerston, London studied at St.
Sir Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley (1656–1742) was an English astronomer best known for his prediction, published in 1705, of the return of the comet that is now ...
Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley
Halley biography
Biography of Edmond Halley (BB^Y-1742) ... Born: 8 Nov 1656 in Haggerston, Shoreditch (near London), England Died: 14 Jan 1742 in Greenwich (near London), England
Edmond Halley - Wikimedia Commons
This page was last modified on 12 July 2008, at 10:02. Text is available under GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation ...
Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley was perhaps the second-greatest genius in the history of British astronomy. By chance, he lived at the same time as the greatest ...
